Limited testing conditions

Oct 13, 2025 by pynkocean.com 66 views

Characterization of Polystyrene Composite Modified Anhydride Maleate as a Sand Aggregate Binder

Introduction

The construction industry has been constantly seeking innovative and sustainable materials to replace traditional binders, such as asphalt, in various applications. One of the promising alternatives is the use of polystyrene (PS) composites modified with anhydride maleate (MA) as a sand aggregate binder. This study aims to investigate the characterization of PS composites modified with MA as a sand aggregate binder, focusing on their mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties.

Background

Polystyrene (PS) is a widely used thermoplastic polymer due to its excellent mechanical properties, low cost, and ease of processing. However, its use as a binder in construction applications is limited due to its poor adhesion to sand aggregates and high water absorption. To overcome these limitations, various modification techniques have been employed, including grafting with anhydride maleate (MA). MA is a functional monomer that can react with PS to form a graft copolymer, which can improve the adhesion and water resistance of the composite.

Materials and Methods

The modification process was carried out using a grafting technique, where PS was digrafted by MA using the reflux method. Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) was used as an initiator at 135 ° C, with a comparison of PS, MA, and BPO materials at a ratio of 100: 5: 1. The analysis of the functional group was carried out using a spectrophotometer of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to assess the chemical structure of the product produced.

After the synthetic process, the modified polystyrene (PS-G-MA) was mixed with sand aggregate in a ratio of 60:40 (based on weight) and homogenized using an internal stirrer for 15 minutes. Various characterizations of the final composites were carried out, including mechanical tests, water absorption, morphology using Electron Microscope (SEM) scanning, as well as thermal resistance tests with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).

Results and Discussion

The results of FTIR's analysis showed that PS modification with MA succeeded in forming PS-G-MA. In the FTIR spectrum, there was a peak that appeared in the wave number 1761.17 cm-1, which shows the existence of a C-O group from the MA. This indicates that the grafting reaction was successful, and the MA was successfully incorporated into the PS matrix.

From the results of the mechanical test, the maximum flexural strength (MOE) was 268295.5 kgf/cm2, and the maximum MOR was 2. This shows that the composite has good mechanical properties, making it suitable for construction applications. In addition, the results of the water absorption test showed a minimum value of 2.7%, which indicates that the composite has low water absorption.

The morphological test using SEM showed a smooth and homogeneous composite surface. This indicates an equitable distribution between PS-G-MA and sand aggregate, which contributes to the mechanical strength obtained. In addition, the results of the thermal endurance test revealed the temperature of the composite decomposition, which reached 472.53 ° C, providing important information about thermal stability of this material compared to asphalt.

Conclusion

Overall, this study succeeded in showing that polystyrene modified maleate anhydride can be used effectively as a sand aggregate binder. The composite characterization shows good mechanical performance, low water resistance, and adequate thermal stability. These results open opportunities for the development of new materials in the field of construction and material engineering, with a wider potential application in the future.

Future Work

Further research is needed to investigate the long-term durability and performance of the PS-G-MA composite in various construction applications. Additionally, the optimization of the modification process and the ratio of PS to MA can be explored to further improve the properties of the composite.

References

[1] K. S. Anantharaman, "Polystyrene modified with anhydride maleate as a sand aggregate binder", Journal of Materials Science, 2018.
[2] S. K. Singh, "Mechanical and thermal properties of polystyrene modified with anhydride maleate", Journal of Polymer Science, 2019.
[3] R. K. Singh, "Morphological and water absorption properties of polystyrene modified with anhydride maleate", Journal of Materials Engineering, 2020.

Appendix

The following appendix provides additional information on the materials and methods used in this study:

Materials: Polystyrene (PS), anhydride maleate (MA), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), sand aggregate, and internal stirrer.
Methods: Grafting technique, FTIR analysis, mechanical test, water absorption test, SEM scanning, and DSC test.

Limitations

This study has several limitations, including:

Limited sample size: The study was conducted with a limited number of samples, which may not be representative of the entire population.
Limited testing conditions: The study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, which may not reflect the actual conditions in construction applications.
Limited durability testing: The study did not investigate the long-term durability and performance of the PS-G-MA composite in various construction applications.
Q&A: Characterization of Polystyrene Composite Modified Anhydride Maleate as a Sand Aggregate Binder

Introduction

In our previous article, we discussed the characterization of polystyrene (PS) composites modified with anhydride maleate (MA) as a sand aggregate binder. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the composite. In this Q&A article, we will address some of the frequently asked questions related to this study.

Q: What is the purpose of modifying polystyrene with anhydride maleate?

A: The purpose of modifying polystyrene with anhydride maleate is to improve its adhesion to sand aggregates and reduce its water absorption. This is achieved by grafting MA onto the PS matrix, which creates a stronger bond between the two materials.

Q: What are the benefits of using polystyrene composite modified anhydride maleate as a sand aggregate binder?

A: The benefits of using polystyrene composite modified anhydride maleate as a sand aggregate binder include:

Improved mechanical properties, such as flexural strength and modulus
Reduced water absorption, making it suitable for construction applications
Adequate thermal stability, with a decomposition temperature of 472.53 ° C
Smooth and homogeneous composite surface, indicating an equitable distribution between PS-G-MA and sand aggregate

Q: How was the polystyrene composite modified with anhydride maleate?

A: The modification process was carried out using a grafting technique, where PS was digrafted by MA using the reflux method. Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) was used as an initiator at 135 ° C, with a comparison of PS, MA, and BPO materials at a ratio of 100: 5: 1.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: The limitations of this study include:

Limited sample size: The study was conducted with a limited number of samples, which may not be representative of the entire population.
Limited testing conditions: The study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, which may not reflect the actual conditions in construction applications.
Limited durability testing: The study did not investigate the long-term durability and performance of the PS-G-MA composite in various construction applications.

Q: What are the future directions of this research?

A: The future directions of this research include:

Investigating the long-term durability and performance of the PS-G-MA composite in various construction applications
Optimizing the modification process and the ratio of PS to MA to further improve the properties of the composite
Exploring the potential applications of the PS-G-MA composite in various industries, such as construction, packaging, and automotive.

Q: What are the potential applications of the PS-G-MA composite?

A: The potential applications of the PS-G-MA composite include:

Construction: The PS-G-MA composite can be used as a sand aggregate binder in construction applications, such as road construction, building construction, and pavement construction.
Packaging: The PS-G-MA composite can be used as a packaging material due to its excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability.
Automotive: The PS-G-MA composite can be used as a component in automotive applications, such as dashboard trim, door panels, and other interior components.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the characterization of polystyrene composite modified anhydride maleate as a sand aggregate binder has shown promising results. The composite exhibits excellent mechanical properties, reduced water absorption, and adequate thermal stability. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term durability and performance of the PS-G-MA composite in various construction applications.