The Epidemiological Transition and Smoking

Oct 13, 2025 by pynkocean.com 22 views

The Effect of Smoking Habits on Coronary Heart Disease in RSUP Dr. Moh. Hoesin Palembang

Introduction

Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease: A Growing Concern

Smoking has become a significant public health concern in recent years, with its impact on cardiovascular health being a major area of focus. Coronary heart disease (CHD), a condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The relationship between smoking and CHD is well-established, with smoking being considered one of the five main risk factors for the development of CHD. This study aims to explore the effect of smoking habits on CHD among outpatients at the Central General Hospital Dr. Moh. Hoesin Palembang, Palembang, Indonesia, during the period of March 1998 to March 1999.

Background

The Epidemiological Transition and Smoking

The epidemiological transition, a concept introduced by Omran in 1971, describes the shift from high mortality rates due to infectious diseases to high mortality rates due to non-communicable diseases, such as CHD. Smoking is a significant contributor to this transition, with its prevalence increasing in developing countries. In this context, understanding the effect of smoking on CHD is crucial for developing effective prevention and control strategies.

Research Methods

A Retrospective Analytic Survey

This study employed a retrospective analytic survey design, with a population consisting of all CHD patients undergoing treatment at RSUP Dr. Moh. Hoesin Palembang. A systematic random sampling method was used to select 85 participants. Data were collected through medical records and direct interviews using a questionnaire. The data analysis was conducted using double logistics regression with the help of the SPSS/MS Windows Release 6.0 program.

Research Results

The Prevalence of CHD and Smoking Habits

The results showed that 63.5% of respondents were diagnosed with CHD, with significant discoveries related to smoking habits. The analysis revealed a significant influence between smoking habits, including smoker status, the length of smoking, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day, against CHD. Specifically, the P value for the variable "never smoke" was 0.0001, "the length of time being a smoker" was 0.0002, and "the number of cigarettes smoked per day" was 0.0121. In a group of smokers, the length of smoking (p = 0.0391) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (p = 0.0010) showed a significant effect on CHD. On the other hand, knowledge about the risk of smoking did not show a significant effect on CHD (p = 0.9304).

Additional Analysis

The Interaction between Smoking Duration and Cigarette Consumption

One of the interesting findings of this study is the significant interaction between the length of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (p = 0.0000). This indicates that the combination of smoking duration and the amount of cigarette consumption a day contributes greatly to an increase in the risk of CHD. Conversely, the interaction between the length of smoking and knowledge about the dangers of smoking, as well as between the number of cigarettes smoked per day with knowledge, did not show a significant effect (p = 0.4987 and p = 0.9565).

Conclusion

The Importance of Understanding Smoking Habits

This study underlines the importance of understanding the effect of smoking on heart health. Smoking not only contributes to the development of coronary heart disease but also shows a complex connection between the duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes consumed per day. Although knowledge about the dangers of smoking does not seem to have significantly affected the prevalence of CHD, efforts to increase public awareness and knowledge remain an important step in overcoming the increasing CHD epidemic. This shows the need for more effective intervention in reducing the number of smokers, so that it can help realize the goals of better health development in the future.

Recommendations

Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice

The findings of this study have significant implications for public health policy and practice. Firstly, the study highlights the need for effective tobacco control measures, including education and awareness campaigns, to reduce the prevalence of smoking. Secondly, the study suggests that healthcare providers should take a more proactive approach in identifying and managing CHD patients who smoke. Finally, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating smoking cessation programs into healthcare services to reduce the risk of CHD.

Limitations

Study Limitations and Future Directions

This study has several limitations, including the small sample size and the retrospective design. Future studies should aim to replicate these findings with a larger sample size and a prospective design. Additionally, future studies should explore the impact of smoking cessation programs on CHD outcomes.

References

Omran, A. R. (1971). The epidemiologic transition: A theory of the epidemiology of population change. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 49(4), 509-538.
World Health Organization. (2018). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2018. World Health Organization.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Smoking & tobacco use: Fast facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Note: The references provided are a selection of relevant studies and reports that support the findings of this study. A more comprehensive list of references can be provided upon request.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the Effect of Smoking Habits on Coronary Heart Disease

Q: What is the relationship between smoking and coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A: Smoking is a significant risk factor for CHD, and it is estimated that smoking is responsible for approximately 20% of all CHD deaths worldwide.

Q: What are the key findings of this study?

A: The study found that 63.5% of respondents were diagnosed with CHD, and that smoking habits, including smoker status, the length of smoking, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day, had a significant influence on CHD. Specifically, the study found that the length of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day were significant predictors of CHD.

Q: What is the significance of the interaction between smoking duration and cigarette consumption?

A: The study found that the interaction between smoking duration and cigarette consumption was a significant predictor of CHD. This suggests that the combination of smoking duration and the amount of cigarette consumption a day contributes greatly to an increase in the risk of CHD.

Q: What are the implications of this study for public health policy and practice?

A: The study highlights the need for effective tobacco control measures, including education and awareness campaigns, to reduce the prevalence of smoking. Additionally, the study suggests that healthcare providers should take a more proactive approach in identifying and managing CHD patients who smoke.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: The study has several limitations, including the small sample size and the retrospective design. Future studies should aim to replicate these findings with a larger sample size and a prospective design.

Q: What are the recommendations for future research?

A: Future studies should aim to explore the impact of smoking cessation programs on CHD outcomes. Additionally, future studies should investigate the effectiveness of different tobacco control measures, including education and awareness campaigns, and the role of healthcare providers in identifying and managing CHD patients who smoke.

Q: What are the key takeaways from this study?

A: The study highlights the importance of understanding the effect of smoking on heart health and the need for effective tobacco control measures to reduce the prevalence of smoking. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating smoking cessation programs into healthcare services to reduce the risk of CHD.

Q: What are the potential applications of this study?

A: The study has potential applications in public health policy and practice, including the development of effective tobacco control measures and the integration of smoking cessation programs into healthcare services.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for individuals?

A: The study highlights the importance of quitting smoking to reduce the risk of CHD. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for individuals to be aware of the risks associated with smoking and to take steps to reduce their risk.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for healthcare providers?

A: The study highlights the need for healthcare providers to take a more proactive approach in identifying and managing CHD patients who smoke. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating smoking cessation programs into healthcare services to reduce the risk of CHD.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for policymakers?

A: The study highlights the need for policymakers to develop effective tobacco control measures, including education and awareness campaigns, to reduce the prevalence of smoking. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating smoking cessation programs into healthcare services to reduce the risk of CHD.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for researchers?

A: The study highlights the need for researchers to investigate the impact of smoking cessation programs on CHD outcomes and the effectiveness of different tobacco control measures. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of exploring the role of healthcare providers in identifying and managing CHD patients who smoke.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for the general public?

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for the healthcare system?

A: The study highlights the need for the healthcare system to take a more proactive approach in identifying and managing CHD patients who smoke. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating smoking cessation programs into healthcare services to reduce the risk of CHD.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for the economy?

A: The study highlights the potential economic benefits of reducing the prevalence of smoking, including reduced healthcare costs and increased productivity.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for the environment?

A: The study highlights the potential environmental benefits of reducing the prevalence of smoking, including reduced air pollution and decreased waste.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for future research?

A: The study highlights the need for future research to investigate the impact of smoking cessation programs on CHD outcomes and the effectiveness of different tobacco control measures. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of exploring the role of healthcare providers in identifying and managing CHD patients who smoke.